A. Look at the underlined words in the following passage :

Anika is in class seven. She lives in a village of Jamalpur with her parents. She has two sisters. She often takes them to school. She has to help her mother as well. Her father is a small businessman. In her free time, Anika likes to draw pictures and write poems in Bangla. Anika's dream is to become a computer engineer.

These are all nouns. A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, ideas and feelings.

B. Nouns can be countable or uncountable. The nouns which can be counted are countable and those which cannot be counted are uncountable

Read the following sentences and say whether the underlined nouns are countable or uncountable:

He has many friends.

Kamal has given me some good news.

Urmi borrowed some books from the library.

Afsana eats bread for breakfast.

Zahid's father is a teacher.

C. Countable nouns have two forms: singular and plural. The singular form refers to one person or thing and the plural form refers to more than one person or thing.

a. How to make plurals

Regular plurals are formed by adding 's' to the singular forms of nouns.
For example

book ----------- books
flower ----------- flowers
teacher ---------- teachers

b. By adding '-es' to nouns ending in '-ss', '-ch', '-s', '-sh' or '-x'. For example:

watch ------------ watches

class ----------- classes

box --------- boxes

c. Nouns ending in consonants and '-y' change to 'ies' in the plurals.For example:

country -------- countries
victory ----------victories
lady ---------- ladies

d. Nouns ending in a vowel and '-y' have an '-s' in the plurals. For example:
boy ---------- boys
day ------- days
key ------- keys

e. Some common nouns have irregular plurals. For example:
child --------- children
foot ------- feet
mouse -----------mice

Give the plurals of the following nouns. One is done for you:

horse ------horses
woman -----------
tooth -------
glass -------
wish -------
truck ---------
pencil-------
friend -------
monkey -------
tomato -------
way--------
eye ---------

D. Rewrite these sentences using plural nouns. One is done for you:

1. A bus is quicker than a rickshaw. / Buses are quicker than rickshaws.
2. A tiger is a ferocious animal./ ___________
3. A banker earns more money than a teacher. / _________
4. A laptop is an expensive piece of equipment. / ______
5. A student has to work hard. / ________
6. A good book helps to pass time. / ______

E. Complete these sentences with a singular or plural noun:

1. The________ stops outside our house. (car / cars).
2. The ________ were waiting for me. (child/children)
3. The ________ are in the shelf. (book/books)
4. Do you know the ________ that lives next door? (man/men)
5. The dentist pulled out the ________ that was hurting. (tooth/teeth)
6. The ________ who was waiting here has gone home. (boy/boys)

F. Complete these sentences with a singular or a plural verb:

1. The children ______ ready for school. (is getting/ are getting)
2. My uncle ______ in the army. (is/are)
3. The flower ______ sweet. (smell/smells)
4. The chocolates we bought ______ very expensive. (was/were)
5. The letters you posted yesterday ______ confidential. (was/were)
6. The young man you met yesterday _______ transferred to this office recently. (has been/ have been)

A. Look at the underlined words in the following texts:
a. Mr Ahmed is reading a book. It is very interesting.
b. Students of this school are very disciplined. They all stay in the hostel.
c. The game teacher asked players to go to the field in the afternoon. But nobody was there.

Note: Here 'It' refers to a book, 'they' refers to students and 'nobody' refers to players. Here it, they and nobody are called pronouns as they are used instead of nouns. In other words, pronouns are alternatives to nouns. When something or someone is already mentioned in a sentence you refer to them again by using a pronoun.

B. Look at the pronouns in the box:

These are called personal pronouns. Let us learn more about personal pronouns. Pronouns have 3 forms namely subjective, objective and possessive. Look at the table below and see different forms of pronouns.

My brother is healthy. He weighs 75 kg.

Ms Shaila works in a bank. She has been doing this job for the last 15 years.Note: In Engli

sh, 'he' and 'she' normally refer to people, but they often refer to animals too.

D. Now use personal pronouns in the following text:

Maruf's father is a businessman. _____ has been in business for about 15 years. Currently in his farm, there are 20 people working full time. _____ has three children who are going to school. Maruf is _____ second child, the youngest and eldest are both ______ daughters.

E. Let us use pronouns in their possessive forms. Look at the examples:

This is our school.

Who is your brother?

Do you know where my pen is?

Look at the following sentences. 'Yours', 'hers', 'his' and 'ours' are also possessives.

This is my book. That is yours.
These toys are hers.
This bicycle is his.
This garden is ours.

Now use possessives in the following sentences.

After retirement Mr Kamal is living in _____ own village. He lives with his wife who has also retired from ______ job as a school teacher. _______ children live in Bogra where they have own families. _______ children often ask them to visit them.

A. Look at the underlined words in the following sentences:

Sharmin is a pretty girl.
Our library is big.
Do you have any digital camera?

Note: The words 'pretty', 'big' and 'digital' describe a girl, a library and a camera respectively. These words are called adjectives.

Look at the underlined words in the following text:

Ms Tahmina Anwar is a skilled teacher. She is qualified too. She has a long teaching experience. She has an excellent academic record as well. She is a favourite teacher to her students as she is very caring.

Now say which words these adjectives describe or modify.

B. Now look at the passage below and fill in the gaps with adjectives:

My uncle is a ______ engineer. He works in a ______ company as a _____ engineer. He graduated in _____ engineering from BUET. He also studied abroad for his _____ qualification. Currently he is in charge of a __________ project.

C. You may use words with 'ing' ending as adjectives to describe the effect that something has on your feelings or on the feelings of people in general.

Look at the words in the box below and use some of them as adjectives in your own sentences:

The past participle forms of verbs that describe our feelings can be used as adjectives too. Look at the words in the box below:

Use 4-5 of these adjectives in your own sentences:

D. Now use appropriate words in the blanks of the following sentences:

1. My friend Tumpa is _____ in music. But she thinks cricket is an ______ game.
2. Moynamoti is an _______ place to visit but my uncle was ________ with the long journey there.
3. I felt really _______ to see my teacher in my uncle's wedding; it ______ was _____ too.
4. The film was quite _____ but I felt _____ to my favorite _______ heroine there.
5. I was so _______ in the work that I could finish in due time. And my teacher thinks it is _______ .

Look at the underlined words in the following sentences:

He goes to his school regularly.

We really enjoyed our picnic.

Some students are playing in the field.

me and meet us next week.

Zamil: Do you often visit your grandma?

Asif: Yes I do! I visit her frequently.

Juthi: Can you please supply us with milk daily?

Milkman: No madam, I can give you milk only twice a week.

These are all adverbs. Can you guess what words they modify?

Adverbs usually modify verbs, but they often modify adjectives, nouns, other adverbs and whole phrases or sentences:

Note: 'Personally' gives the speaker's attitude. We often use commas after such an adverb when it modifies the whole sentence.

An adverb comes after a verb. It is usually a word but sometimes a group of words modifies a verb. Then that group is called an adverbial phrase. Any adverb or adverbial phrase that modifies a verb is called an adverbial.

Rakib looked at his friends nervously after he had lost his admit cards.

Here the underlined word describes how something has happened. This is an adverbial of manner.

The toy was lying on the table.

Here the item describes where something was. It is an adverbial of place.

They visited their hometown last month.

Here the underlined item tells when something happens. It is an adverbial of time.

Now fill in the gaps with appropriate adverbs:

He opened the door _______ .

Our music class is held ______ .

All students were present ______ .

He ________ made this comment.

Bangladesh Cricket team is doing ______ .

Look at the underlined words in the following text:

Mr and Mrs Ali request their pleasure for your gracious presence at the wedding ceremony of their eldest son Iftekhar Ali with Dilruba Yasmin, youngest daughter of Mr and Mrs Rafik Ahmed to be solemnized on Saturday, 21 January 2016 at Platinum Convention Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka at 7.30 pm.

These words are called prepositions. A preposition is followed by a noun or its equivalent.

A. Use the following prepositions in sentences of your own:

B. Complete the following text by using appropriate prepositions.

My auntie lives ______ Mogbazar just ______ Holy Family Hospital. Her flat is ______ the 5th floor. She lives ______ her family there. She often visits her good friend and neighbor who lives just one floor up; the top floor ______ the building. My auntie has been living in her flat ______ the last three years.

A. Read the following passage and notice the words in bold:

Dipu and Raj are good friends but they are not of the same age. They have been even together as neighbors. Many years back they thought they would settle abroad but after their higher study overseas they decided to buy land in the same area. When they found it together, Raj said to Dipu, "Let's buy it now or never". They have not constructed any building yet.

The words and, but, or, because, yet are called conjunctions. The main function of these words is to link words, phrases and clauses together.

Now write five sentences using each of the above conjunctions.

B. Read the following sentences and notice the underlined words:

Wow, so big a cake!

Alas! They have lost the game.

Oops, I have got hurt!

Omg, how could you do that!

The above underlined words are interjections. An interjection is a part of speech which expresses a strong feeling of joy, pain, surprise or disgust.

Now make some sentences using the following interjections.

Hi oh hurrah ah

A. Look at the underlined words in the following sentences. Guess what these words are called.

1. Desk officer : How can I help you, sir?
   Client : I want to open a savings account with your bank.
2. Father : Will you go to your tutor today?
   Son : Yes, I will. Shall I take your umbrella?
   Father : Oh sure. Take it. The sky looks cloudy; it might rain.
3. Nabila : It's already late evening. You should not go out now.
   Bipul : Don't worry, I will come back very soon.
4. Liftman : Sir, which number shall I press for you?
   Gentleman : 7, if you would please!
5. Student: May I come in, sir?
   Teacher : You should come early; now please get in.
6. Brother : Could I use your pen?
   Sister : Yes, you can.

Note: These words are called modals. Modals are a special kind of auxiliary verbs which have different functions. Look at the sentences below with various meanings of 'can' and also the table showing different modals with different functions.

a. Can I give you a cup of tea? (offer)
b. You can come to our party. (invitation)
C. Excuse me, can you please show me the way to the photocopy shop? (request)

B. Now read the sentences in section A above and tell your partner the functions of different modals.

C. Use a modal in the gaps of the following sentences:

1. Teacher:Don't be disappointed about your poor marks. I _____ talk with you about your problems on Thursday after the classes.
   Student: Thank you, sir.
2. Shanta: One of our friends got the first prize in the book reading competition. Guess who it is.
   Maniza: It ____ be Shubhro. Am I right?
3. Rafat: Look, who is walking there, Sadia?
   Arian: Yes, it looks like Sadia but it ____ be Nadia as well.
4. If you had more money, you _______ buy this dress.
5. Excuse me, ______ you tell me which way I ______ go to the library?
6. Waiter: Madam, what _____ you like for drinks?
   Customer: Coke please.
7. There _______ be a huge queue for concert tickets. You _____ be there much early.
8. Sir, _______ you please clarify the last point you have just mentioned?
9. People are crazy about fast food these days. You ______ avoid it as much as possible.
10. You have got the maximum number of prizes in the sports. You ______ be excited now.

D. Write five sentences using 'can' or 'can't' along with words from the box. One is done for you:

I can play chess but my sister can't.

E. How many things could you do when you were much younger? One is done for you:

I could climb a tree when I was 10 years old.

Write five sentences like this:

F. Make five request sentences from this table using 'could I', 'may I' and 'could you':

A. Read the following texts and look at the underlined verbs. Tell your partner which tense it is:

1. Arif lives in a village. His village is beside a river. It is located in the district of Gazipur.
2. Student : Sir, I want to show you my homework.
   Teacher : Very good. Please show it to me.
3. Passenger : Does this bus go to Farmgate?
   Bus conductor : Yes it does.
4. Daughter : Ma, do you have a nail cutter?
   Mother : Yes, I do. Please get it from the drawer.
5. Abonti : How are you, Anika?
   Anika : I am fine. Thank you.
6. Doctor : Can you walk now?
   Patient : Yes, I can.

Note: Do you understand what tense we are talking about? If we are talking about general present, or about a regular or habitual action we use the present simple tense.

Verbs used in the present simple:

1. Be verbs: am, is and are
2. Have verbs: have, has
3. Action verbs in the present form: want, get, show etc
4. Passive verbs with the past participle form of a main verb: for example, is located.
5. Auxiliary verbs: do and does which are used in making interrogative or negative sentences. For example, Do you have a nail cutter?
6. Modals: can

B. Now use the correct form of verbs in the following gaps:

1. Hi, Shohag, How _____ everybody at home?
   They _______ fine. Thanks.
2. I _____milk most days a week.
3. Students do not know the room in which the game teacher ______ .
4. This train does not ______ at every station.
5. The security guard may ask me who I _______ .
6. The SSC exam is usually _______ in February every year.
7. Do you --------? No, I ________ .
8. Things in this shop ________expensive.
9. Mom often asks me, "Do you brush your teeth regularly?" “Yes, I _________ .”
10. The teacher said, "Do you smoke?", The student replied, "No sir, I _________ .”

C. Describe the following items to your partner:

1. The house/apartment we live in
2. Your home town/birthplace
3. One of your closest relatives
4. A beautiful place in your city
5. A possession you have for a long time

D. Write a paragraph on one of following topics using the present simple tense:

My Best Friend, A Ghost, Our Next-door Neighbour

A. Read the following text and look at the underlined verbs:

1. My father worked in a bank when we lived in Munshiganj. Then he started a business in Dhaka and at one stage we moved there.
2. Rafik was in class six when his mother died.
3. Bangladesh won ICC Trophy in 1997. That time all cricket fans celebrated the event very much.
4. Interviewer: When were you born?
   Interviewee: I was born in 2001.
5. My uncle visited many countries of Europe when he had a job in England.
6. "What did you do last weekend?" "Nothing much, I only finished my homework."

Note: The past simple tense is used with reference to past time. Verbs used in the past simple tense are

1. Be verb: was, were
2. Have verb: had
3. Action verbs in the past form: worked, lived, started, moved etc.
4. Passive verbs: auxiliary verb (was/were) + past participle. For example, was informed, were stolen, was born etc.
5. Auxiliary verb: "Did" is used in making interrogative or negative sentences. For example, what did you do last weekend?
6. Modals: could, would, used to etc.

B. Use the correct forms of verbs in the following gaps:

1. When I _______ a child I ______ how to ride a bicycle. My elder brother _____ me carefully and at one stage I _____ able to learn it.
2. Our school _______ an inter school debate competition On 23 March and we ______ the runner up position. We _____ a certificate and a crest from the chief guest.
3. Last night we _____ no electricity in our locality. My father _____ some candles and we all _____ a candle light dinner. It ________ great fun.
4. He _______ play football in his youth.

C. Make past tense questions and answers using the words given. One is done for you:

1. Who/you see/ in the room? Who did you see in the room?
2. I see/Jamal/there
3. When/you go/ to school?
4. We/go/to school/ at 8.15 am.
5. Where / you celebrate/ your holiday?
6. We/celebrate/ in our village/holiday
7. Why / you come/ late to class?
8. 1/ come late/because it / rain/ in the morning
9. When/your father/ promote/ as General Manager?
10. My father/ promote/ early this year.

D. Write a paragraph on any one of the following using the past simple tense:

Our Liberation War, The Day I Passed My PEC Exam, My Last Vacation

A. Read the following text and look at the underlined verbs:

1. I will wake up early in the morning. My uncle will take me to the station. The Mohanagar Express will start at 7.30 for Chattogram.
2. Bangladesh will become a middle income country by the year 2021.
3. You will be the top scorer if you work hard.
4. "Shall I close the door, sir?", the student said to the headmaster.
5. Shefali won't play badminton because she will go to her tutor's in the afternoon.

B. Supply the correct form of verbs in the gap of the following sentences:

1. Next Saturday my uncle ____ for Saudi Arabia. So my father and I ______ to the airport to see him off .
2. The weather forecast says it ______ rain tomorrow.
3. I _________ an umbrella if it rains.
4. The waiter says, " _______ I give you cold drinks, sir?"
5. a. I am going home now.
   b. Ok, I ______ you Sunday morning.

C. Use the correct verbs in the following sentences. The first one is done for you:

1. Don't worry; the student volunteers will manage discipline about the program.
2. I am sure you _____ your visit to Rangamaati.
3. I ______ you tonight and ______ you about the situation.
4. I am very tired. I ______ to bed early tonight.
5. People are very angry about the problem. They ________ a compromising solution of the problem.

D. Now match these sentences with the predictions below:

1. It's Friday morning a. she will call our names
2. I am back from my school b. shops will remain open.
3. If you are not careful c. I will take some rest now.
4. On Fridays d. we will say our Jumma prayer.
5. The class teacher is coming to the class e. you will slip from the steep staircase.

E. Suppose you and your partner are playing the role of a palmist and a client. The dialogue will go like this. Use the verbs employ, earn, export, offer and import and complete the dialogue:

Palmist : You will have a big business in future.
Client : What kind of business?
P : It will be a garment business

A. Read the following text and look at the underlined verbs. Tell your partner which tense it is:

1. Nafisa's school is closed today. She is reading a story book.
2. Asif: What are you doing now? Come and join us in a game if you are free.
   Maruf: Sorry, I can't. I am taking my sister to a doctor. She is suffering from fever.
3. Please don't interrupt me while I am talking on the phone.
4. Desk officer: Are you being served?
   Client: Yes, that young lady is helping me.
5. Teacher: Are you listening to me?
   Students: Yes ma'm, we are.

Note: The Present Continuous tense describes actions which are going on now. The structure goes like this: Subject + auxiliary verbs (am/is/are)+ ing form of the main verb. For example,

He is playing cards. It could be used in the negative or interrogative sense as well. For example,

I am not watching TV now.

Are you going shopping now?

B. Supply appropriate verbs in the gaps of the following sentences:

1. Take this umbrella. It _____ outside now.
2. " _______ you still ______ in a bank?" "No, recently I have left it."
3. Please don't disturb me. I _______ my homework.
4. Please wait for a minute. I _____ soon.
5. There are a few doctors in this clinic. Many patients (not) _____ .

C. Write a sentence using a word from the box. Your subjects may change in every sentence. One example is given for you:

A helicopter is flying in the sky.

Play, sing, fly, ride, hang, check, bake, watch, attend, notice, throw

A. Read the following sentences and look at the underlined verbs. Tell your partner which tense it is:

1. I am going to visit my grandma this weekend. What about you?
2. Do you think our teacher is going to give us a good grade for this assignment?
3. Who of you are going to work as volunteers? Please raise your hands.
4. When is your uncle coming back from his overseas study?
5. It is going to be a big problem if you do not pay attention to it now.

Note: 'am/is/are + going to' is used in situations when you are informing someone about a plan you have already made or assumed. This kind of present continuous form indicates an arranged future. For example,

Students, please everybody go to the class. Your class teacher is going to announce your mid-term results in the class.

Sometimes you may confuse "am/is/are +going to" future with the simple future using will. The modal "will" seems best for situations when you are in the process of making a decision about the future. Most often you use will to talk about the future generally. For example:

Who will open the door, if I am late?

B. Now complete the dialogues below using the verbs in brackets with will or going to:

1. A: Have you decided to spend extra money?
   B: Well, I think I _____ to a restaurant for a good dinner but haven't decided yet.
2. A: Have you decided how you will spend the holiday?
   B: Not yet but I think I ________ to my village for a few days.
3. A: My cousins are coming from Italy this Friday.
   B: ________ you _________ to receive them at the airport?
4. A: Our school has set up a new routine for our classes effective from this Saturday.
   B: Yes, we ______ to attend the first class much earlier.
5. A: Have you collected your tickets for the concert?
   B: Not yet. But I think we ______ there on Friday if we can.

D. Now use will or be going to in the following sentences:

1. The opposition has called a strike on Sunday. I ____(not go) to attend my classes.
2. I _____ (carry) an umbrella if it rains.
3. The way all Kiwi wickets are falling, I think Tigers _____ (win) the match easily.
4. Son: Father, any plan for the weekend?
   Father: Our whole family has been invited to my colleague's daughter's wedding. So, we _____ (attend) the party.
5. It is not cold here. I _____ (wear) a jumper.

A. Read the following text and look at the underlined verbs:

1. I have done my homework. Can you please look at it?
2. One of our friends has joined the inter district debate competition.
3. Does anybody know who has torn off the notice from the board?
4. I do not know if Anik has been selected for the cricket match.
5. Congrats Manosh, you have done an outstanding job.

Present Perfect expresses the completion of an action by Now. Therefore it is, strictly, a kind of present tense because (a) you are not emphasizing When the action took place; (b) you are only interested in the present state of completion; i.e., its effect on events Now.

So this tense must never be used if we state or suggest a definite time in the past. Now, look at the following sentences and fill in the blanks with verbs with appropriate forms of the present perfect:

1. Please open your book. Have you (open) it?
2. Wow! It's a wonderful piece of drawing. Who _____ (draw) it?
3. Excuse me, teacher. Could you please repeat what you ______ (say) just now?
4. I am very worried about my homework. I _______ (not finish) it yet.
5. There is a big museum in the city. ______ you ______ there?
6. Please tell me what exactly you ______ done and what is yet to be done.

B. Now use appropriate verbs in the blanks of the following dialogues:

1. Teacher: We have only one day left for the science fair. Now let me know
   who ______ what.
   Zarif: I ______ the wall, sir.
2. Mother: There are only a few chocolates on the table. Who _______ the others?
   Mayisha: Mom, I ______ just one.
3. Teacher: Let's brainstorm on the topic for a minute. Now Anika, tell me what _______ .
4. Hanif: Wait, this math problem is not that easy. But I ______ something about it.
   Monoj: Ok, tell us what ______.
5. 'Three Idiots' is an excellent movie. _______ you ______ it?

C. Write some sentences about your activities you have done since morning. Show your sentences to your partner to check. You may start like this.

1. First, I have said my morning prayer.
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________

A. Read the following text and look at the underlined verbs:

1. I was eating my dinner when you phoned.
2. What were you doing when the baby was crying?
3. I was not listening to you properly that time because of traffic noise.
4. Her English was improving a lot after some tutorial classes.
5. It was midnight and my elder brother was still working on his laptop.

B. Use the past continuous form of the verbs in the following sentences:

1. The sun (shine) when we went out.
2. When you came, I (write).
3. My brother asked me, "Why didn't you receive my call?" "I (sleep) then".
4. When the teacher came to the class, all students (stand) up.
5. The bus started while some passengers (get) on.
6. The boy took another piece of cake when the mother (not look).
7. The teacher asked his students, "Why (make) a noise in the class?"
8. We (have) dinner when electricity went off.
9. The boy jumped off the train while it (move).
10. Who (talk) there when I knocked at the door? "I (call) my sister."

C. Use the correct forms of verbs in the blanks of the following sentences:

1. It ________ heavily outside when I _______ .
2. Where _________ when I ________ you?
3. When my elder _______my father _________.
4. Our grandma ______ with us when we _____ in our village.
5. Everybody _______ until the fire accident occurred.

D. Now write five sentences using the following pairs of verbs from the box. One is done for you using hear and pass by. I heard the noise when a train was passing by.

A. Look at the underlined words and guess what these are.

1. My name is Nazia Rahman. I am a student of a famous school. My two brothers are also students of the same school.
2. Deena was a student of this school too. But her two sisters were not students of this school. They studied in another school.
3. The bus is very late. Passengers are being impatient.
4. Tahmid has got a lot of toys on his birthday. He is getting restless with them.
5. Samrin is ill. She has been absent from the school for a few days. Her parents have been very worried about her medical treatment.

Note: The underlined words are called 'be verbs'. These have various forms. Look at the table:

B. Write the correct forms of be verbs in the gaps of the following sentences:

1. My teachers ________ all very qualified and trained. I do not know who he ________ .
2. Once his father _________ an ordinary farmer.
3. _________ your mother a housewife?
4. You are asking the same questions repeatedly. You _______ silly.
5. You work in a bank. How long _______ here?

C. Write sentences with each category of 'be verbs' and share with your partner:

1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
6. ____________________
7. ____________________

A. Look at the underlined verbs and guess if these are regular or irregular :

1. During the final exam I worked until late night.
2. Many students attended their class late because of transport strike.
3. Our school's annual cultural program went very well.
4. A computer operator solved the problem at last.
5. Who typed the whole document?
6. They have all sung the national anthem in the assembly session.
7. During hartal days our classes were not held.
8. My father cooked all meals when he had lived overseas.
9. It was decided that teachers would come to school this Friday for make up classes.
10. Nobody knew how he made it possible.

The past tense form and the past participle form of regular verbs end in-ed.
But irregular verbs make their past simple and past participle forms in an irregular way. For example:

work, worked, worked (regular)
go, went, gone (irregular)
But you should note the following points:

1. Some verbs can be both regular and irregular. For example:
   learn, learned, learned
   learn, learnt, learnt
2. Some verbs change their meaning depending on whether they are regular or irregular; for example "to hang":

Below is a list of regular verbs which you should learn carefully.

A. Read the words in italics in the following captions:

What are the words in italics for?

What are the functions of these words?

The words 'good', 'happy', 'fine' and 'hilly' modify the nouns after them.

These words are to provide some information about nouns i.e. they state the quality of nouns.

When someone wants to present information about something, one can do it by using a Noun alone; but, one can use an Adjective to modify or describe it in more detail. Therefore, adjectives give additional information about a Noun or Pronoun.

B. Identify adjectives in the following passage:

Muntaha is Bani's best friend. Bani is a brilliant student. She borrowed three books from Muntaha. All the books are new. The books are interesting as well.

Do all the above adjectives take the same position in the sentences?

In some sentences, the adjective is used before a noun. But in other sentences, the adjective comes after the verb. The adjectives that come before a noun are called attributive adjectives and those coming after a verb are called predicative adjectives.

C. Use the following adjectives in different positions. One is done for you:

Safe, interesting, new, old, unsafe, excellent, huge, quite, cold, yellow, nice, hot, enormous, furious, gorgeous, crazy, tiny.
Safe: We had a safe journey. (before a noun)
Our journey was safe. (after a verb)
I found him safe. (after an object)
D. Match the following adjectives with the nouns they go with:

A. Read the captions and mark the adjectives in different forms:

He was better than any other fielder in that match.

Mashrafe Mortaza is one of the most successful captains of Bangladesh.

B. Look at the adjectives in the following sentences:

Mahin is a tall boy. Safin is taller than Mahin. Raiyan is the tallest of the three. Mahin bought a big basket. Safin bought a basket bigger than that of Mahin. Raiyan bought the biggest basket of the shop.

There are three forms of Adjectives:

tall (positive) taller (comparative) — tallest (Superlative)

big (positive) — bigger (comparative) — biggest (Superlative)

C. Comparative and Superlative forms

i) Most positive adjectives of one syllable take 'er' and 'est' to form comparative and superlative degrees respectively.

iii) All adjectives of two syllables ending in le, y, er, and ow generally take 'er' and 'est' to form their comparative and superlative forms respectively.

iv) Some positive adjectives take comparative and superlative forms without following the regular norms.

v) Adjectives of more than two syllables and many of those with two form their comparative and superlative degrees by putting 'more' and 'most' before the positive respectively.

C. Complete the sentences using the words in the box:

It was their first ----- holiday and Jamie was so excited.
"I can't wait to go skiing," he said, "and all that sun and snow will be wonderful!"
The plane landed at a ----- airport and very soon Jamie and Jasmine and their parents were in a small, ------ hotel at the bottom of a mountain. They went outside and looked. They saw --- mountains all around them.

"Tomorrow I want to go up a mountain," said Jamie.

They went back to the hotel. There was a ------ fireplace and it was warm. In front of the fire they saw a big ------ dog. It was asleep and snoring happily.

Jasmine liked dogs. She patted the dog on the head. It opened one eye and yawned. Jasmine saw the dog's name on his collar - Bruno. The dog looked at Jasmine and smiled. Then it closed its' eyes, crossed its' paws and went back to sleep.

"What a ------ dog," said Jasmine. "He's a big ------ softie."

They left the ----- firelight and went upstairs to bed. In no time at all Jamie was dreaming of speeding up and down mountains as a champion skier.

D. Fill in the blanks with appropriate adjectives:

Sirajum Munira is a ------- girl. Bondhon is her cousin. Both of them read in the same school. Bondhon is ------ than Munira.Bondhon has a very -----brother, named Tanbin. He is so cute. To Munira's aunt, he is ----------- ---------- baby in the world. Munira loves Tanbin so much. She is Tanbin's --------- sister. She plays with him. She is ------- than Tanbin. Bondhon is ---------- about Tanbin, so is Munira about him. When Tanbin cries, Bondhon calls his mother and Munira gives him ------ toys. Tanbin loves ----- toys. Tanbin's father presents him with ----- toys too.

A. Read the following passage and notice the words in italics:

Mashrafi runs fast. He knows how to prepare for a match. He is taking preparations for the upcoming world cup tournament. He is taking a very careful preparation. Other team mates have joined the team here. They are going to sit together with the coach. They will decide on some regulations for themselves tonight. They are always very optimistic.

Can you guess what their functions are?

These words modify either the verb, or the adjective/adverb they are with.

These words are adverbs.

Activity:

Identify functions of the adverbs in italics in the passage and say what questions they answer. One is done for you:

'fast' modifies the verb 'runs'; (It answers the question 'how')

Adverbs modify verbs by telling how, when, where, or to what extent the action takes place.

B. Identify the adverbs in the following sentences and say which words they modify

a. A wagon train that was very long started out from Laksam.
b. The trail through the mountains was fairly hazardous.
c. Bangladesh is a densely populated country.
d. The students are inside.
e. She will go to Rajshahi tomorrow.
f. He will join the party tonight.
g. Uncle came home yesterday.
h. Ahsanullah Master fought against the drug smugglers bravely.
i. Salma is studying hard for her examination.
j. The doctor sometimes stays up all night.

A. Read the following sentences and see what the words in italics modify and how:

Tanbin has decorated his reading room beautifully. He painted the wall well. His father highly praised his artistic work.

Here the adverbs modify verbs to tell us how a thing is done.

These types of words that state how a thing is done are known as adverbs of manner.

In most cases, adverbs of manner are formed by adding 'ly' to adjectives.

Some examples are given below:

B. Make five sentences using any five of these adverbs:

C. Read the following sentences and see what the words in italics modify and how:

Sharafi is a meritorious student. He goes to school regularly. He prepares his lessons daily. He reaches his school early. He never comes to school late. He is preparing for a debate competition today.

All these adverbs modify certain verbs and describe 'when' an action takes place.

D. Use the following adverbs of time in the box to fill in the blanks:

I met Abdul Matin Siddiqui ______ He was born _______ He had his primary education in the mid- thirties of the last century. ________ he came to Dhaka. He wrote poems ________ His elder brother _______ inspired him.

E. Read the following sentences and see what the words in italics modify and how:

Sakib is abroad. He is taking part in a tournament there. His team mate Tamim is also there for medical treatment. But other members of the team have started their practice session in Dhaka. Though they are here, they will also go to Australia eventually.

What do the words in italics do?

They tell where the action of the verb takes place.

The adverbs that state where things happen are adverbs of place.

F. Use the following adverbs of place in the box to fill in the blanks:

John looked ______ but he couldn't see the monkey. I searched _______ I could think of. I was going ________ to camp. John built a house _________. He took the child __________ I found the monkey _______ the camp. John reached The monkey was sitting beside a snake there. Suddenly an elephant stepped __________ .

G. Read the following sentences and consider what the words in italics modify and how:

Mushi participated in the world cup cricket tournament thrice. He had always been sincere. In his batting he sent the ball to the boundary frequently. He seldom dropped catches. In the beginning, he often made mistakes. But he always learnt from mistakes.

The words in italics tell us how often something happens.

The adverbs which state how often things happen are adverbs of frequency.

H. Use each of the following adverbs in a sentence and say which word it modifies. One is done for you:

He is reading now at school.

Here 'now' modifies the verb 'reading'.

a. now
b. soon
c. then
d. hardly
e. politely
f. immediately
g. quietly
h. fairly
i. fast
j. fluently

J. Look at the following picture and then complete the passage below it using the adverbs given in the box:

It was 1971. We can ________ forget those days of war. Maya was _______ serious about his purpose. He had two other companions. They rode from Gendaria. Three sat on the bike keeping the LMG in between them. They were moving towards the pre decided spot _____ , though they were pretending to be feeble and helpless with their shabby wearing. One of them was holding a fish market bag. The bike was an old one. It was not moving fast. Somehow they kept their ultimate goal of urgency in their pretension. One, two Pakistani military truck passed by ______ They were facing death _________ ; three Pakistani soldiers were taking tea ________ But they did not notice Maya's bike _________ Even then they did not ride ________ At Joykali Mandir crossing a street vendor handed over to them a small packet in the fish bag _______ One of them sitting on the bike opened the packet and got three 'grenades'. His pulse increased _________ But Maya was ________ calm. He remember the directions _________ He was observing his surroundings _________ They were moving __________ then. They moved past Baitul Mukarram Mosque ___________ In front of G.P.O. there were some Pakistani soldiers, they were five in number as Maya could count ____________ No sooner had their bike reached a spot opposite to the Pak soldiers than Maya got down from the bike and opened fire upon the Pakistani soldiers. One of the soldiers was saying, "Mukut aya _________ " (Meaning Muktis have come.) All the Pak soldiers were killed ___________. Maya and others left the spot _________

A. Read the following passage and notice the words in italics:

Jarif and Jawad live at 'Chadgao Abashik Elaka' in Chattogram. They wake up early in the morning. They go to bed early at night. They go to school regularly. Jarif needs a bag of books for his new class. Jawad needs a bag for his new school. They go to school by school bus.

These words usually establish relations with other words and come before a noun or anything equivalent to a noun.

They are called Prepositions

Look at the prepositions in the passage again and see the nouns after them:

In the first sentence at gives a relationship between 'Chadgao Abashik Elaka' and Jarif and Jawad.

In the second sentence in creates a relationship between 'the morning' and 'they'.

In the third sentence 'to' and 'at' respectively create relationship between 'bed' and 'they'; and between 'night' and 'they'.

In the fourth sentence 'to' establishes a link or relationship between 'they' and 'school'.

Guess the relationship of other prepositions with other nouns.

Therefore, the words that come before a noun or any noun equivalent to link it with another word of that sentence are prepositions.

A. Some useful Prepositions

i) Prepositions of Time:

ii) Prepositions of Place and Position:

iii.) Prepositions of Direction:

B. See the picture below carefully and answer the questions accordingly:

a) Where is the bird?
b) Where is the rainbow?
c) Where are the flowers?
d) Where are the boy and the girl?
e) What is the boy showing the girl?

C. Let us find some Prepositions in pictures. Describe the positions of the girl in each of the following pictures by using appropriate prepositions. Some of them are done for you.

Prepositions of Place

D. See the positions of the boy in the following pictures and match the sentences with the relevant pictures:

i. The boy is off the horse.
ii. The bird is in the tree.
iii. The boy is behind the tree.
iv. The boy is in front of the tree.
v. The boy is to the left of the tree.
vi. The boy is between the two trees.
vii. The boy is under the tree.
viii. The bird is above the tree.
ix. The boy is upside down.
x. The boy is on the horse.
xi. The boy is in the swimming pool.
xii. The boy is out of the swimming pool.
xiii. The boy is on the right side of the tree.
xiv. The boy is at the bottom of the ladder.
xv. The boy is at the top of the ladder.
xvi. The boy is to the left of the tree.

E. Some more Prepositions:

Before, during, after:

There is a cue before the bank counter.

Somebody received a phone call during the film.

Some students become tired after their examination.

A preposition is usually followed by a noun. But notice the following examples:

English Grammar and Composition

Ovijit takes preparations before going to examination hall.

Hasan attended his test after studying properly.

Here the prepositions are followed by the present participle form of a verb (Verb+ing).

Through, around, round, along, across, past:

Columbus reached the West Indies through the Atlantic Ocean.
The thief fled away through the window.
Night police walk around the town.
The earth moves round the sun.
Goutam walks along the park road with Shupravat.
Brozen Das swam across the English Channel.
Rudaba walked past the public library to reach Arts Faculty.

F. Certain verbs are followed by certain Prepositions. See the list below:

i) Verbs + Prepositions

Write sentences with any 5-7 combinations of "verb+ preposition".

G. Nouns + Prepositions:

Write sentences with any 5-7 combinations of "noun+ preposition".

H. Adjectives + Prepositions

Write sentences with any 5-7 combinations of "adjectives+ preposition".

I. i) Choose the correct prepositions from the box and fill in the gaps.

Dear Rumman,

We are going to Cox's Bazar sea beach (a) ________ the 14th December. Sadman, Sharafi and others are joining (b) ___________ the same day. We shall leave (c) ______ Chattogram (d) ______ noon. We hope to reach Chattogram (e) _________ train. (f) __________ Chattogram we shall go (g) ______ bus. We are planning to go (h) ______ the St. Martin's Island.

Please join us in time.
See you soon.
Raiyan

ii) Choose the correct prepositions from the box and fill in the gaps.

How are you? I want to meet you (a) ______ Mirpur. (b) _______ there, we shall go (c) __________ New Market. I have to buy so many things. Apuni will be waiting (d) _______ the foot over bridge (e) _________ New Market. Apuni will come (f) ______ bus. We shall go (g) ________ the New Market. It may take time. We shall stay there (h) __________ two hours.

So, see you soon.
Leera.

iii) Choose the correct prepositions from the box and fill in the gaps.

Dear Mostafa bhai,

How are you?

It has been three months since I saw you last. You wanted to know about Sylhet. I was (a) _____ Sylhet (b) _______ 2001 (c) ________ April2009. I lived (d) ______ Shibganj (e) _______ Sylhet. You have to go to Jaflong (f)______ Shibganj. M. C. College is (g) ________ the top of a hillock. You cannot but stare (h) ________ tea gardens in Sylhet because of natural beauty.

I hope you will enjoy your days in Sylhet.
Kallal

iv) Choose the correct prepositions from the box and fill in the gaps.

Dear Omrit,

How are you?

What is your profession? I have not seen you since I left Srimangal. Are you still (a) _____ Purbasha? How is your father? You were quite good (b) ________ cricket. But cricket disappeared (c) _______ your life. In fact, so many things disappeared from your life. Even then, you are our dear Omrit! You aimed (d) _________ nothing or anything that we did not know. Basit left Bangladesh (e ) ________ the U.K. Many other friends left you (f) _________ somewhere else. What have you brought (g) __________ your student life? (h) __________ studying at college you were so smart at everything but things faded away in course of time.

Regards.
Titu

A. Ask and answer the questions in pair:

What is the function of a 'chain'?
What does the word 'link' mean?

A chain links things together.

You have certainly learnt that 'to link' means to connect two or more things or ideas together.

B. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:

Somen Chanda was born in a village named Baliya in Narsingdi on 24 May, 1920. He was an avid reader from his boyhood and he passed the Entrance Examination in 1936 from Pogose School, Dhaka. Then, he was admitted to Dhaka Mitford Medical School, but he had to discontinue his studies because of ill health. Yet, his pen did not stop. His writings reflect struggles of the general people. Thus his writings survive him even today.

The words in italics are linking words.
What are the functions of these linking words?

C. Activity:

1. Identify the linking words in the following passage:

Bangladesh was in a good team spirit in the world cup cricket tournament 1999. Besides, all the players were in good form. In fact, they proved it in the field. Anyway, they defeated a big team like Pakistan.

2. Read the following paragraph and make it meaningful by using the linking words given in the box. The first one is done for you:

A student needs to have lots of qualities. He should be very studious. He should participate in outdoor games and debating activities. He should be punctual. He should have moral qualities. He should be social. He can be successful if the has these qualities.

A student needs to have lots of qualities. Firstly, he should be very studious ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Fill up the blanks picking up linkers from the box below. The first one is done for you:

Several reasons were given for the language movement of the students of this country in 1952. Firstly, they were motivated to establish Bangla as their mother tongue _______ they were committed to the ideology of Bengali Nationalism _________ they wanted to raise awareness among the common folks of Bangladesh. ________ they gave ultimatum to the Pakistani rulers. ___________ they felt frustrated and guilty in living a carefree life in the eastern part of Pakistan

4. Rewrite the following paragraph using linking words:

Dipak is twelve years old. He does not go to school. His father does not send him to school. He does not believe in education. He considers education to be a wastage of time and energy. Dipak helps his father in the poultry farm. His mother also does not find any interest in sending her son to school for some hours. Dipak is being deprived of primary education.

5. Join the following sentences with linking words:

a. Purnava is a student of Jahangirnagar University. Purnava takes part in debate competitions.
b. Ukhin Mong is a good teacher. He does not take classes every day.
c. It is raining. Rajib is going to market.
d Bangladesh is a third world country. The Government of Bangladesh distributes books among all the students of primary and secondary schools.
e. Kamal was sick. He did not go to school.

A. Read the following passage and mark the words in italics:

Rajshahi is an old city. It stands on the Padma. In a village called Bausa in Rajshahi there is a man who is recognized as a book lover. He is Polan Sarker. Polan Sarker is an old man. He buys books with his own money. He lends villagers books. The villagers become delighted with books they borrow from Sarker. They have found that reading is a good habit.

These words are Articles.

They take their positions in front of nouns or noun equivalent words. They are used before nouns to show whether the noun is definite or indefinite. Definite words take 'the' and indefinite words take 'a'/ 'an' in front of them. So, 'a' and 'an' are indefinite articles and 'the' is a definite article.

B. Different uses of 'a' / 'an':

i) Observe the following words that have taken 'a' before them:

The words that begin with a consonant sound take the article 'a' in front of them.

ii) Guess why the following words have taken 'an' before them:

'An' is used before the words that begin with a vowel sound.

iii) Observe the following words that have taken 'an' before them:

In the above box, there are some words that begin with consonants, but those consonants have a vowel sound.

Therefore, they take 'an' before them instead of 'a'.

iv) Why do the following words take 'a' before them?

Though the words in the above box begin with a vowel, they are pronounced like a consonant sound.

So, instead of 'an', 'a' is used before those words.

v) What about the following words?

'a one-eyed man'

Here 'o' sounds like 'w'; therefore, 'a' is placed before this word, not 'an'.

vi) Generalized use of the article 'a'/'an':

A student should respect their teachers.
An idle brain is the devil's workshop.

Here 'a'/ 'an' has been used to generalize 'student' and 'idle brain'. 'A student' and 'an idle brain' respectively imply 'all students' and 'all idle brains'.

vii) Why do the following names/designations have an indefinite article before them?

A Mr. Dipak Roy came to see you.
An Imran Khan is waiting for you in the lounge.
Names of unknown persons or their designations take 'a'/ 'an' to mean 'someone'.

viii) 'A'/ 'an' in some exclamatory sentences:
What an honest man he is!
What a splendid picture you have drawn!

'a'/ 'an' is used in certain exclamatory sentences that begin with 'what' to determine the noun of that sentence.

ix) Some phrases have 'a'/ 'an':
in a hurry, at a great speed, at an early date, in a temper.
The article 'a'/ 'an' is used in a number of phrases.

x) Why do the following names have indefinite articles before them?
She is a Begum Rokeya, I see.
He is a Shelley of Bangladesh.

He is an Ernest Hemingway of India.

The article 'a'/ 'an' has been used to denote likeness. Here the proper noun has been used as a common noun.

A. Different uses of 'the'

i) Do you understand the use of 'the' in the sentences below?

'The' is used before the above singular common nouns to represent the whole classes of these common nouns.

ii) 'The' is used to denote the name of a nation:

iii) 'The' is used before adjectives to mean the whole of a particular class.

iv) 'The' is used before the singular existing nouns:

v) 'The' is placed before the superlative degree-words:

vi) 'The' is placed before an ordinal number:

vii) What do you think about the collective nouns? Do they take any article?

Collective nouns take 'the' before them when they represent a definite group of people or things.

viii) 'The' is placed before adjectives to mean the particular part of things.

ix) Usually Proper Nouns do not take 'the' before them, but 'the' is placed in the following exceptions:

a) Before the names of the mountain ranges:
the Himalayas, the Alps.
b) Before the names of the holy books:
The holy Quran, The Geeta, The Bible.
c) Before the name of a newspaper:
The Daily Star, The Guardian, The Herald Tribune.
d) Before the name of an ocean:
The Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean.
e) Before the name of a group of islands:
The Andamans, the Philippines, the West Indies.

B.

i. Fill in the gaps with a/an or the and put a cross (X) where no article is needed:

A: Have you taken ___________ appointment with Dr. Ehtesham?

B: Oh, yes. I have taken ________ appointment for tomorrow

A: Is ________ doctor not coming today?

B: No. __________ doctor comes to this hospital thrice _______ week.

A: When should we visit him tomorrow?

B: At 6:30p.m. I hope he will give us _________ best advice for proper diagnosis.

A: Tomorrow is _________ first day of the week. We have to start for ______ doctor earlier to avoid traffic congestion.

B: We shall reach the hospital before _________ sun sets.

ii. S: Good morning, teacher. How are you?

T: Good morning. Can you write __________ paragraph on Begum Rokeya?

S: Yes, I can.

T: What was she?

S: She was ________ social worker. She lived in undivided Bengal in _________ early 20th century.

T: She was ________ writer also. She wrote ________ number of books.

S: Yes, teacher. I can mention the name of _______ book written by her. "Sultana's Dream" is __________ book written by her.

T: Where was she from?

S: She was from ________ Rangpur.

iii. F: Anupom, what is __________ largest continent?

S: _________ Asia.

F: Give an example of _______ mangrove forest.

S: __________ Sunderbans.

F: Who is Stephen Hawkings?

S: He is ________ scientist. He is ________ English.

F: What was the objective of _______ language movement?

S: We demanded _______ Bangla to be declared as the state language.

A. Read the text and notice the words in italics:

Uncle Masud drives our school bus. I reach my school in time. Sushil, my friend, also goes with me. He is a brilliant student of our class. Today Sushil's pencil box has been lost. So he has not completed his homework. As Shushil is a friend of mine, I have lent him my pencil. Our class teacher is very serious about our homework.

These are possessives. They answer the following questions:

Whose school bus is that?
Whose school is that?
Whose class is that?
Whose pencil box is lost?
Whose homework was not done?
Whose friend is Shushil?

They show ownership and relationship.

B. Find out the possessives:

Whose child is this?

"Whose child is this?" I asked one day Seeing a little one out at play.

"Mine", said the parent with a tender smile.

"Mine to keep a little while

To bathe his hands and comb his hair,

To tell him what he is to wear,

To prepare him that he may always be good

And each day do the things he should."

"Whose child is this?" I asked again,

"Mine," to keep just for a little while,

To teach him how to be gentle and kind,

To train and direct his dear little mind,

To help him live by every rule

And get the best he can from school."

"Whose child is this?" I asked once more,

Just as the little one entered the door.

"Ours", said the parent and the teacher as they smiled,

And each took the hand of the little child.

"Ours to love and train together

Ours this blessed task forever."

[Anonymous]

A. To show that something belongs to a person, 's is added to nouns. For example:

She drove her father's car. She reached her sister's house. Her sister Luna opened the door. She took Sharafi's book from the table. She found Sadman's room locked from inside.

Singular nouns:
Muntaha received Bani's prize.
A freedom fighter's courage is very important.
Safin's friends joined him at the party.
Irregular plurals of nouns:
Children's garments are sold in that market.
Rumman is in a men's hostel.

An apostrophe is placed at the end of regular plural nouns:

Mira is in the girls' hostel.
Students' representatives met the Principal.
Lawyers' association protested against the administrative initiative.

's is placed at the end of singular nouns ending in s:

They visited Sirajus's new house.
We entered Anis's flat.

Only an apostrophe without 's' is also in use to avoid an unpleasant hissing sound:

They visited Sirajus' new house.

We entered Anis' flat.

B. Pronouns that are used to show one or more things belonging to a person are Possessive Pronouns.

Pronouns have two possessive forms:

See the following examples:
This is our country.
This book is mine.
Ours is a beautiful country.

C. Identify the possessives in the following story:

Two sick men were given the same room in a hospital. One man could sit up in his bed for about an hour. His bed was next to the room's only window. The other man spent all his time lying on his bed opposite the window. The men talked for hours almost every day. They talked about their wives and children, their homes, their jobs and almost about everything.

Every afternoon the man in the bed by the window would sit up and talked to his roommate about all the things he could see outside the window. The man on the other bed eagerly waited for this speaking and listening time. His friend's vivid descriptions of passing things seen through the window inspired him to live.

The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans play on the water, while children float their paper boats. A wonderful view of the skyline can be seen in the distance. The man by the window told his friend all this in detail. The listener would close his eyes and see everything in his mind's eye.

D. Singular and plural possessive nouns:

Join the sentences with the help of possessives. One is done for you:

1. This is a tiger. Its body has stripes. => The tiger's body has stripes.
2. There are spiders. Their webs catch insects.
3. There is a book on the table. Its pictures are obscure.
4. There is a cat. Its baby is called a kitten.
5. There is one shark. Its teeth are sharp.
6. There are sheep. Their fur keeps them warm.
7. Bangladesh is a beautiful country. Its nature is green.

A. Look at the picture and talk about it:

Read the following passage:

Mina draws pictures. She puts colours on her drawings. She likes to use bright colours. She shows her drawings to her teachers. She also shows the drawings to her friends. All of them like the drawings and praise her. Drawing pictures is her favourite pastime.

Count the sentences in the passage.

A sentence is a group of words which gives a complete meaning and it must have a subject and a verb.

Birds sing in the morning.

Subject + v + extension

B. Ask and answer the following questions:

a) What do you do in your spare time?
b) Write 3 sentences about your pastime.

1. _________________
2._________________
3._________________

c) What class do you read in?

1 ___________

d) What is the name of your school?

The name __________

e) What is the name of your country?

_______________________

Now divide the answers into the basic elements: subject + verb + extension

C. Read the following passage:

Sumi writes stories. Story writing is her hobby. She writes stories both in Bangla and English. Some of her stories are published in the school magazine. Her friends and teachers read those stories. They praise her write-up. Her parents also encourage her to write stories. _________

Write more sentences to complete the passage about Sumi.

Note. To write anything we have to use sentences. To describe anything in speech or writing we have to use sentences. We also listen to and read sentences in conversations and in text books, newspapers and other written materials. Without using correct sentences we cannot communicate effectively.

D. Read the following passage:

Milon is very attentive in his studies. He never spends time playing only. One day his father was going to market. He said to Milon, "What do you want me to buy for you?" Milon said, "Bring some paper for me father, please." His father brought paper for him and a beautiful pen also. Milon said to his father, "What a beautiful pen it is! Thank you, father." His father said, "You are welcome. May you be happy."

Note. There are different kinds of sentences in the passage. Note the types:

1. Milon is very attentive in study. -Affirmative statement
2. He never spends time playing only. -Negative statement
3. What do you want me to buy for you? - Interrogative sentence
4. Bring some paper for me father, please. - Imperative sentence
5. What a beautiful pen it is! - Exclamatory sentence
6. May you be happy. - Optative sentence

We will learn more about all these kinds of sentences in the following lessons.

E. 1. Look at the following picture and talk about it:

2. Write 10 sentences about what you see in the picture.

A. Read the passage below:

Saheen : Hi Keya! You're here; I was looking for you.

Keya : Hi Saheen! I'm playing 'Cricket 2007'

Saheen : Are you? I tried it also. But I like outdoor games more.

Keya : I can't play cricket outside. I play basket ball.

Saheen : Do you have a court at your house?

Keya : No, I play in our school. We've a basket ball court in our school. Our game teacher supervises us when we practice basket ball.

Saheen : That's good. We don't have any basket ball court in our school. We have an open field. We play cricket and football. Our game teacher supervises us.

Keya : I can swim. What about you?

Saheen : Yes, I too can swim. Can you ride a bicycle?

Keya : No, I can't ride a bicycle. I'll learn it in the winter vacation.

Saheen : Try it. Cycling is a useful exercise.

The underlined sentences are statements. Statements are of two types. 1. Affirmative and 2. Negative.

B. Ask and answer the following questions:

a) Can you write your name?
b) Can you ride a bicycle?
c) Can you swim?
d) Do you have a computer at your home?
e) Do you like to speak English?

These are Yes/No questions. The answers to these questions will begin with Yes/No. Answer the questions in full sentences. One is done for you:

Yes, I can write my name. / No, I can't write my name.

1 ____________/ ______________

2 ___________/ ______________

3.___________/ ______________

4 ___________/_______________

In each case, the first answer is affirmative and the second answer is negative.

Read the following sentences:

a) I have a car. (affirmative)
b) I don't have any car. (negative)
c) Sumon went to Dhaka last week. (affirmative)
d) Milon didn't go to Dhaka last week. (negative)

C. Read the sentences in the table below and write three more pairs of sentences in the empty rows:

Note. When we say or state something in a positive sense, it is affirmative. On the other hand, when we state something in a negative sense, it is a negative sentence.

Read the following text:

Mita is reading in class 7. She is a good student. She is always attentive in her study. All her teachers like her. She is the best student in the class.

What kind of sentences are these?

Read the text with negative sentences:

Mita is not reading in class seven. Is she not a good student? She is never inattentive in her study. None of the teachers dislikes her. No other student in the class is as good as she.

Note. Affirmative sentences can be changed into negative sentences without changing the meaning. The examples are given above.

D. Read the following sentences in Column A and match them with the negative sentences in Column B. One is done for you:

E. Match the sentences on the right column with those on the left. One is done for you:

A. Read the following dialogue and identify the questions:

Shopkeeper : Good evening sir! How can I help you?

Customer : Good evening! Can I get any English newspaper?

Shopkeeper : Sure sir. We have dailies and some monthlies and quarterlies. Which one do you like to have?

Customer : I want a daily newspaper please.

Shopkeeper : Here you are!

Customer : Thank you. How much is it?

Shopkeeper : 10 taka.

Customer : Do you have change of a 50 taka note?

Shopkeeper : Yes sir, here it is.

Customer : Thank you.

Shopkeeper : My pleasure!

1. Wh questions

Wh+ verb+ subject+ extension e.g. Why are you here?

I'm here to meet my friend. (The answer should be in words or sentences)

Wh + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb+noun/ extension. (Wh questions)

e.g. Where are you going?

I am going to market. (The answer should be in words or sentences)

2. Verbal questions

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension. (Yes/No questions) e.g.: Are you going to market?

: Yes, I am.
: Do you like birds?
: Yes, I do.
: Have you done your home work?
: No, I havn't.

Answers should begin with 'yes' or 'no'.

Note. The questions that start with verbs (do, did, am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, shall, will) are called verbal questions.

B. Read and act out the dialogue:

Sajib : Hello! How are you?

Panna : Fine. Thank you. How are you?

Sajib : Fine also, thank you. How is your study?

Panna : Good. How's yours?

Sajib : Also good. Where are you going this way? Shopping?

Panna : Right! I have to buy a pen and some other things from a grocery.

Sajib : The shop will be closed at 8 o'clock. What time is it?

Panna : It is a quarter past 7, so I may be late!

Sajib : I'm afraid so, go ahead. See you tomorrow.

Panna : Thanks, bye!

Underline the interrogative sentences in the dialogue above.

C. Write a dialogue between you and your friend to get some information to write a paragraph on 'My friend'.

D. Write a paragraph on 'My friend'.

E. Read the passage below:

Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. It is on the bank of the river Buriganga. Dhaka is a very old city. It was also the capital city during the Mughal reign. Once upon a time, in the Mughal period, the name of Dhaka was Jahangirnagar. Once Dhaka was a very calm and clean city and comfortable to live in. Now it is a crowdy place with traffic jam and floating people. The city is increasing day by day in its size to all sides. To overcome the traffic jam and to face the load of increasing transports flyovers are being built in Dhaka. The concerned authority is always busy finding out ways to improve the quality of living in Dhaka, the largest city of Bangladesh.

Now, ask 5-6 questions whose answers are found in the passage. For example: What is the capital of Bangladesh?

F. Make questions with the words in the following table and ask and answer them. (one is done for you):

Do I clean the board?

A. Read the story:

"The sky is cloudy. There may be a storm and rain within a short time. Shut the windows" said mother. "Don't go outside at this time," she also said. "Ok mother, we're not going anywhere. Let's go and hear a story from grandmother." The kids went to their grandmother and said loudly together, "Please grandma, tell us a story of ghosts. It's raining outside, we can't go out to play." Grandmother was going to say her prayers. She said, "Don't shout! Sit here silently." They took seats around her. She finished her prayer. Then she said to her grand children, "Listen attentively, I'm telling you a story about a ghost. To show your attention, say yes. Do you understand?" "Yes grandma" said the kids. "Once upon a time there were two sisters in a village beside a jungle. They lived in a hut made of bamboo and dry leaves. One day they went to the bazaar far away from their village. They bought a big Hilsha fish, a little oil and salt. Coming back from the bazaar in the evening the sisters started cooking their supper. They were frying the Hilsha. A very good smell was coming out of that fried fish. Well kids, remember what I told you." "Yes" shouted the kids all together. "Good my dear. There was a ghost of one eye and one horn in the jungle near their hut. He was attracted by the smell of the Hilsha fry and ran towards the hut. Coming at the door of the hut he said,

"Open the door. I want to eat the fish fry." The sisters were afraid at first to hear the crying of the ghost in nasal sound. They remained silent and looking at each other. The ghost again shouted, "Open the door, or I'll break in." The kids again said, "Yes" "The sisters quickly designed a plan to punish the ghost. The elder sister Halu said to the one eyed ghost, "If you want to eat the fried fish, come to the window quickly." The ghost was happy to follow the instruction of Halu. He came to the window. Then Malu, the younger sister, said, "Open your mouth. I'm giving the fish into your mouth" Then the ghost opened his mouth wide enough. Halu did a strange thing; can you guess what she did?" One of her grand children, the youngest one, said, "Put a piece of fish fry into the mouth of the ghost, right grandma?" She smiled to her, "You also like to have a fish fry, don't you? But that didn't happen exactly. Halu brought a hot fire wood and pushed it into the mouth of the ghost! The ghost started to cry by the burning. He fled away immediately towards the jungle and was shouting again and again, "I'll never come to the hut of Halu and Malu".

B. Read the sentences below taken from the story above and guess what their functions are:

Shut the windows.
Don't go outside at this time.
Let's go and hear a story from grandmother.
Please grandma, tell us a story of ghosts.
Don't shout.
To show your attention, say yes.
Well kids, remember what I told you.
Open the door, or I'll break in.

Find out other such sentences in the story.

Note. These are imperative sentences. They express orders, commands, advice, suggestions, proposals, requests, prohibitions, and instructions. You can ask someone to do something by using an imperative sentence.

C. Read the situations below and write imperative sentences. Remember, a positive imperative begins with a main verb and a negative imperative begins with a negative auxiliary (do not / don't):

1. Ask your friend to switch on the light.

Please__________________

2. Ask for snacks in a restaurant.

Bring _________________

3. Advise your younger brother to be attentive in study.

Be attentive _______________

4. Request your mother to give something.

Please _________________

5. Ask somebody not to do something. (forbid)

Don't tell ________________

6. Teacher tells a student to go out of the room.

___________________

7. Somebody is very angry and asking someone to do something immediately.

___________________

8. Ask somebody to remember something.

___________________

9. A naughty boy is giving a threat to one of his friends.

____________________

10. Tell your classmates to go to the stadium to watch a cricket match.

________________________________________

D. Read the passage below and fill in the gaps with the words in the box:

Rifat went to his village home in the Summer holiday. He enjoyed the time very much with his cousins there. They went to many places around the village. One of his cousins showed him a bird's nest in a banyan tree. All of them were excited to see the nest and the baby birds. One of them ran to the tree and tried to climb on to catch the baby birds. Rifat said to him, "No, ___________ do that. Don't __________ away the kids from their mother." Nantu said, "But it is fun, ______________ climb the tree and watch what the kids are doing." Rifat said, "We ___________ not disturb them." Milon said, "Right, our teacher said, " __________ torture the baby birds or any other animals around us for your pleasure. It is harmful for the environment."

E

1. You went to your village to meet your relatives. You found that some village children cannot wash hands properly. Write how you will encourage them to wash their hands properly using imperative sentences.
2. Recall how your teachers gave instructions using imperative sentences and write at least five of them.
3. Does your mother/father advise/ forbid/ request you to do something using imperative sentences? Write at least 10 of them.
4. If/ you/ want/ a glass of water, how will you ask your younger brother/sister for it?

A. Shanta got the first prize in the drawing competition in her school. She told this to her cousin over telephone. Her cousin said, "Great! What a wonderful job you have done!" Her parents were also very happy to hear the news. They congratulated her and said, "What a surprise!"

Note. When we express joy, happiness and wonder, we use exclamatory sentences with the sign!. e.g. Great! What a wonderful job you have done! Can you find another sentence like this in the passage above?

B. Read the story below:

One day a crow got a piece of meat from the kitchen of a cook. He was very happy and flew away towards the forest with the piece of meat in his mouth. He sat on a branch of a tree to eat the meat. A cunning fox saw the crow with the piece of meat in his mouth. The greedy fox wanted to have that piece of meat from the crow. He came under the tree and started to praise the crow. He said, "What a beautiful bird is sitting on this tree! I never saw any one like him in my life." The crow was happy to hear that. The fox again said, "This beautiful bird can sing very sweetly I believe. Oh, how much I desire to listen to his singing!" The crow felt joy in his heart again. The fox then requested him to sing. The flattered crow opened his mouth to sing. The piece of meat dropped down and the fox picked it up. The crow said, "What a great fool I am!" He also said, "Alas! I have lost the meat."

C. Read the following sentences and notice what they look like:
-What a beautiful bird is sitting on this tree!
-Oh, how much I desire to listen to his singing!
-What a great fool I am!
-Alas! I have lost the meat.

What kind of sentences are these? What kind of feeling or emotion do they express? _____________________

D. Read the passage below:

Andrew came to Bangladesh last year. He wanted to visit a Bangladeshi river. His Bangladeshi pen-friend Nasima suggested seeing the river Bramhaputra in Mymensing, a town not very far from Dhaka. Andrew liked the idea. The journey to Mymensing took four hours from Dhaka. He said to Nasima, "Good heavens! We have reached at last." He went there with some of the local students. Andrew was highly impressed to see the beauty of the river and the two sides. He said "How charming!" They went to the other side of the river to have tea with fresh cow milk. On the way they found a place where the riverside is polluted by the garbage from a food shop. To see this Andrew said, "How can they pollute this place!" Nasima became angry to see this and said, "Curse to the people who are doing this."

Identify the exclamatory sentences in the passage above.

E. More examples of exclamatory sentences for you:

a) Hurrah! We won the series.
b) Good morning!
c) Oh, what misery in store for her!
d) Fie, they don't take care of their old parents!
e) Had I but wings to fly!
f) If I would be a Queen!

Write 5 more sentences like these.

F. Rewrite the following sentences as exclamatory sentences:

a) I wish I would be a King.
b) The garden is very charming.
c) We rejoice that our team won the match.
d) I wish you good morning sir.
e) The place is very dirty.
f) Let curse befall the traitors of the country.
g) This town is very peaceful.
h) I am very desirous to meet you once more.

G. Suppose you are for the first time on the beach of Cox's Bazar. Describe how you express your wonder in exclamatory sentences.

A. Read the poem below:

"May God bless and keep you always,
May your wishes all come true,
May you always do for others
And let others do for you.
May you build a ladder to the stars
And climb on every rung.
May you stay, forever young."
(Bob Dylan, "Forever Young." Planet Waves, 1974)

B. Here are some more optative sentences for you:

a. Hope for the best.
b. All the best.
с. May Bangladesh live long.
d. Would that I were your friend.
e. Have a nice holiday.
f. May you be happy.
g. Wish you back home safe.
h. Wish you a safe and pleasant journey.

Can you write more sentences like these?

1.____________________
2.___________________
3.___________________
4.___________________
5.___________________

C. 1. Write how you wish your friend for coming round soon from sickness.
2. Write a message wishing a happy new year to any of your close friends or relatives.
3. Pray for the welfare of your country.
4. Pray for somebody to be successful in business.
5. Pray for the Bangladesh cricket team to win the match and prepare three banners.

A. Look at the picture and read the following rhyme:

"There was an old woman
Who lived in a shoe,
She had so many children,
She didn't know what to do."

Ask and answer the questions:

1. Which word does the rhyme start with?
2. How is the old woman introduced to readers?

Read the sentences with introductory 'there':

1. There is a river beside the village.
2. There are many mango trees in our village.
3. There is a mosque inside the palace area.

The structure of sentences with introductory 'there' is:

There+ to be + subject+ adverbials

There + is + a river + beside the village.

Can you divide two other sentences to show the structure?

B. Read the passage below:

We have a garden. There are many flowers in the garden. There are also some vegetable plants in the garden. The garden gives us fresh vegetables and mental pleasure. We take care of the garden.

The underlined sentences can also be expressed in the following way:

Many flowers are in the garden. Some vegetable plants are also in the garden.

Read the passage below:

Bring the pot, please. There is some sugar in the pot. You may put more sugar in your tea. Do you like to have some cookies with tea? Here are cookies in the bigger pot beside the sugar pot.

1. There is darkness everywhere in the house. There is no sound anywhere. The boys enter the house. There are some bats in the corner of the dark room. Suddenly they start flying around them making sounds. All of a sudden there is thunder outside. There are two doors behind them. The doors are shut by the sudden wind. There is no way out!
2. There was a noise outside. Karim opened the door and found Goni there. He was afraid. There was something wrong with him. There were also a lot of people waiting outside. They were shouting. There was a bus accident in the highway. Goni was the driver of that bus which killed two pedestrians.

C. 1. Look at the picture and describe what you see in the picture and write sentences on the structure there + to be + singular/plural subjects:

2. Now write a paragraph on A Street.

There is no knowing what she did with the money. = It is impossible to know what she did with the money.

There is no denying the fact that she stole the money. = It is impossible to deny the fact that she stole the money.

There is no knowing what will happen. = It is impossible to know what will happen.

D. 1. Make sentences with the words in the following table:

2. Look at the picture and describe what you see in it:

A. Look at the pictures and say what things are there. One is done for you:

1. What is there in picture 1?

-There is a cat on the chair.

2. Is there any water in the bottle of picture 6?

-No, there isn't any water in the bottle.

Note. We use 'there is' and 'there are' to say that something exists. 'There is' is used for a singular noun. 'There are' is used for a plural noun. Read the following sentences:

• There is a pen under the book.
• There is a cow in the field.
• There are many people at the station.
• There are many stars in the sky.

Look around the classroom. Say what is/isn't and are/aren't in the classroom. Write all the sentences on the following structure:

There is/isn't and there are/aren't + subject+ extension

B. Look at the picture of a living room. Make a list of things in the room and also say what things are not in the room.

Read the following sentences:

• There is no light in the room.
• There are no children in the park.
• There is no lion in the zoo.
• There are no clouds in the sky.

C. The sentences can be expressed in the following way:

• There isn't a lion in the zoo.
• There aren't clouds in the sky.

Rewrite the following sentences using contractions isn't / aren't:

1. There is no water in the jug.
2. There is no rickshaw in the street.
3. There is no milk in the bottle.
4. There is no time to wait.
5. There is no security guard here.
6. Are there any children with them?
7. Are there any examples to write?
8. There are no spices left in the box.
9. There is no item left to include in the list.
10. There are no players in the court.

D. Read the sentences below:

• There are no people in the party. Or There aren't any people in the party.
• There are no stars in the sky. Or There aren't any stars in the sky.
• There are no corns in the field. Or There aren't any corns in the field.

We also use there isn't with uncountable nouns:

1. There is no sugar in the pot.
   There isn't any sugar in the pot.
2. There is no water in the river.
   There isn't any water in the river.
3. There is no dust after the rain.
   There isn't any dust after the rain.

Write more examples like these:

More examples are given in the following dialogues:

Robin : There's a grocery over there, isn't there?

Ripon : Right you're but there isn't any medicine corner near this place.

Robin : Really, so you've to go far away to collect medicine, haven't you?

Ripon : Yes Robin. Lots of troubles the people here have to face for that.

Robin : There isn't any air pollution in your village. That's good.

Ripon : Because there are many trees and green fields in our village. So there aren't many diseases here.

E. Write 5 sentences using there isn't and there aren't in your situation.
One is done for you: There isn't any computer at my home.

F. 1. Write a dialogue using 'there isn't' and 'there aren't' and act it out (group work). Some clues are given in the table below:

2. Rewrite the following sentences using 'isn't/ aren't'. One is done for you:

a) There are many villages in our country.
There aren't many villages in our country.
b) There is a biting dog in the house.
c) There is an old tree beside the river.
d) There are no snakes in the jungle.
e) There is no police man in the street.
f) There are no beggars on the station
g) There is no cleaner in the hotel.
h) There is no room service in this hotel.
i) There are no tourists in this season.
j) There is no electricity in the city.

3. Suppose there is no tubewell for drinking water in your village. You have to go to the neighbouring village to collect drinking water. The people in the village are suffering from various kinds of diseases and problems.
   Describe all these problems to your friend.

You can start this way: There isn't any tubewell in our village.

A. Read the following passage and look at the underlined words:

To walk early in the morning is good for health. One can get rid of various diseases by walking regularly. It is better to walk on the riverside or in the garden. The fresh air and the green plants are good for body and mind. Many people walk early in the morning to keep body and mind healthy and fresh.

[Note: These are infinitives. An infinitive is the base form of a verb but it has different functions.]

Look at the following examples and see how differently an infinitive functions:

a) To jump is fun. (noun; subject of the verb is)
b) I like to swim. (noun; direct object of the verb like)
c) She had a suggestion to offer. (adjective modifying suggestion)
d) He called to warn her. (adverb modifying the verb called)
e) We decided to travel there at night. (noun; object after a transitive verb)

Write more examples of infinitives.

[Note: the examples above are of infinitives with 'to']

Examples of infinitives without 'to':

1. They'll meet you tomorrow. (modal + infinitive)
2. Don't make us laugh.
3. She let her son take his own decision.
4. Let me conclude my opinion.

[Note: Infinitives without 'to' are called 'bare infinitives' also.]

B. Read the passage below and identify 'to+ infinitives' and 'bare infinitives':

A crow was thirsty. He was flying around to find water. The day was very hot. Water was not available anywhere. Suddenly the crow found a pitcher. He thought there might be water in the pitcher. But the water was at the bottom of the pitcher. The crow was wondering how to drink the water. As he began to look around, he saw some pebbles lying on the ground nearby. Seeing this, he thought of a way to use the pebbles to reach the water at the bottom of the pitcher. Then the crow picked up the pebbles with his beak and dropped them in the pitcher to make the water rise. Soon the water level was high enough for the crow to reach. Thus he was able to drink enough water to quench his thirst.

C. Write some sentences with infinitives with/without 'to'.

A. Read the following passage and look at the underlined words:

Swimming is a good exercise. It is also a very useful skill for safety. It is an interesting sport. One must practice swimming to enjoy the sport. One should not get down into water immediately after eating. There is a chance of drowning if you get down in water after eating. Floating on the water is an enjoyable game. It is also an important life saving skill. This skill may save us from drowning. It is necessary to learn swimming by taking help of a trainer.

Note. These are gerunds. A gerund is the present participle form of a verb (verb+ ing) which works like a noun.

B. Read the passage below and underline the gerunds:

Travelling is a good practice to acquire knowledge and experience. Visiting many places, we can be familiar with different geographical and cultural features. Those who travel for sight-seeing prefer to visit places which are unusual to them. They may go hiking or sailing. In our country the winter season is best for travelling. Driving long in this season is comfortable and safe.

Look at the following sentences:

• Eating much is harmful.
• Driving too fast is dangerous.
• Walking is a good exercise for everybody.
• Her knitting is beautiful. In these sentences, the gerund is the subject.

A gerund can be used as the object in the sentence.

For example:

• I didn't mind joining the music competition.
• She likes sleeping in the afternoon.
• I enjoy reading and writing.
• He finished playing at 9 o'clock.

Gerund after preposition:

1. I have no objection to walking.
2. She is fond of shopping.

C. Make sentences with the following gerunds:

Dancing (as subject), praying (after a preposition), watching (as object), shocking (as object), meeting (as subject), sleeping (after a preposition), fasting (as subject), surfing (as subject), typing (as object), closing (after a preposition).

A. Read the following passage and look at the underlined words in different positions:

The dancing peacock displayed his feathers. The people who gathered there enjoyed the show. Peacocks are found displaying feathers when it rains. So it is a rare opportunity to see a peacock dancing and displaying feathers. Peacocks are found dancing in the open space in front of the are charmed by their dancing.

Note. These are participles. A participle is a verb that ends in -ing (present participle) or -ed, -d, -t, -en, -n (past participle). Participles may function as adjectives describing or modifying nouns. See more examples:

The talking parrots entertained the crowd. (present participle)

The wrecked sailboat washed up on shore. (past participle)

Note. But participles have another function. When used with helping verbs such as to be and to have, they are action verbs and form several verb tenses.

Example

1. She is thinking of the children.
2. The conference room had been cleaned before they arrived.
3. The job has been done successfully.

Write more sentences like these.

B. 1. Fill in the gaps with the right form of verbs:

a. Eliza recommended ________ (eat) in a low cost restaurant while we're in Hong Kong.

b. I demand _______ (talk) to the manager of the hotel immediately.

c. My grandmother recalled _________ (see) a plane for the very first time when she was six.

d. She claims _______ (be) related to George Washington, but I don't believe her.

e. This broken bicycle needs __________ (fix) before someone can ride it.

f. I can't think of __________ (drive) such a big car when gas prices are so high, not to mention what it does to the environment.

g. She managed __________ (communicate) with them, even though she didn't speak their language.

h. Don't hesitate _________ (ask) for help if you don't understand the directions.

i. The course lasts ten days and involves ___________ (hike) more than fifty miles through rugged mountainous terrain.

j. She refused __________ (speak) to me after our fight.

What kind of verbs are these?

2. Complete with right form of verbs:

a. I began (learn) French when I was a young boy.
b. We thanked him for (come) to the party.
c. He keeps (lie) to everybody.
d. Would you mind (open) the window please?
e. John has at last given up (smoke).
f. Mary doesn't like (be) late for school.
g. (Read) novels is his favourite pastime.
h. Don't start (sing) until you are asked to.
i. Do you remember (write) to him?
j. Jack can't stand (ride) a bus.

What kind of verbs are these? __________________

3. Write the past participles of the following verbs. An example is given for you:

4. Fill in the gaps with the right form of verb:

a) This story is (go) to be published in the magazine.

b) It's ____________ outside (rain).

c) I found the girl in the garden _________ (sleep) alone.

d) The thief was _______ (catch) by the people.

e) Mr. Mamun is in his living room __________ (watch) television.

f) This news will be _________ (publish) in The Daily Star.

A. Read the passage below:

Musa Ibrahim is the first Bangladeshi who reached the summit of Mount Everest. Mt. Everest is the highest pick of the Himalayas. He had a dream to win Mount Everest. To make his dream real he tried heart and soul. He got Advanced Mountaineering Training from Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling, India. He was a journalist by profession. He worked as a sub editor in The Daily Star. He founded Everest Academy in 2011 for a wide participation of the youth in the mountaineering and adventure activities.

Note. The underlined words start with capital letters (upper case). Other words begin with small letters (lower case). There are rules to use capital letters in English. The use of capital letters is called capitalization.

B. Use of Capital letters:

• A sentence begins with a capital letter. For example,

We want to learn English capitalization rules.
These students are learning English as a foreign language.
The sky is cloudy.

• The first word of a quoted sentence begins with a capital letter.

Teacher said, "Always speak the truth."

• Proper nouns begin with capital letters. (Names of people, specific monuments, cities, states, etc.). For example,

Mr. Tarek asked if Ali would help.
Uncle Bill took us to Dallas.

• A person's title begins with a capital letter when it comes before his or her name (Dr. Rehana)
• The position of High-ranking government officials begins with a capital letter. (for example, President Bill Clinton, Attorney General Shahed)
• The pronoun I is always capitalized whenever it is used. For example,

I want to go to Sylhet.
My sister and I are in the same class.

The first and any important word in the title of a book, magazine, song, movie, poem, or any other work begins with a capital letter.
For example,

Read the first chapter of Gulliver's Travels.

I saw American Pie last year.

C. Read the following passage and rewrite it using capital letters where necessary:

mahmuda is an intelligent girl. she reads in class 7. the name of her school is kushumpur high school. her favourite subject is english. She has one sister, named lubna. they live in kushumpur, a village in bogra.

D. Punctuation

Read the following passage:

Once a lion, a fox, and a wolf went hunting. They ultimately spotted a stag and killed him for their food. While sharing the hunt, "Quarter me this stag", roared the lion and other animals skinned and cut the spoil into four equal parts.

Note. In the passage there are some marks with the words. These marks help us to understand the passage. These marks are the punctuation marks. Punctuation Rules

Apostrophe (')

Examples:

1. She can't join the party. (cannot)
2. Hon'ble President (Honourable)
3. Girls' school
4. This is Karim's house.

Note. To indicate omission of letters and the genitive case of nouns (') is used.

Period '.' or 'full stop'

1. A complete sentence that makes a statement or command ends with a period. In British English a period is called a 'full stop'.
   Today is my birthday.
   Blow out the candle.
   He went to Khulna last week.

2. Most abbreviations end with a period.

Dr. Smith lives on Creek Rd. near St. Mary's Hospital.

Question Mark '?'

1. A question ends with a question mark.
   When is she coming?
   Are you Pollobi Khisa?

Exclamation Point '!'

1. The exclamation point is used at the end of a sentence to indicate great surprise. It is also used for emphasis when making a point (strong feeling /excitement).
   Be careful not to use the exclamation mark too often.

What a wonderful day it is!
That ride was fantastic!
I can't believe he is going to marry her!

Comma','

1. A comma separates things in a series (List of items):

I ate rice, vegetables, and fish.
I like reading, listening to music, taking long walks, and visiting my friends.
This is one of the most common uses of a comma. Notice that a comma is included before the conjunction 'and' which comes before the final element of a list.

2. A comma separates an interruption from the rest of the sentence:

Mr. Walker, our teacher, is very clever.

3. A comma separates two independent clauses that are connected by a conjunction such as 'but':

They wanted to purchase a new car, but their financial situation would not allow it.
I would really enjoy seeing a film this evening, and I'd like to go out for a walk.

4. A comma separates phrases (or clauses) from the principal clause:

In order to pass the exam, you need to study more. Although he wanted to come, he wasn't able to attend the course.

5. A comma introduces a direct quote:

The boy said, "My father is often away during the week on business trips." His doctor replied, "If you don't stop smoking, you run the risk of a heart attack."

Colon ':'

1.A colon shows the reader that a list or explanation follows:

I will need the following items: scissors, paper, glue, and paint.
He had many reasons for joining the club: to get in shape, to make new friends, to lose some weight, and to get out of the house.

2. To introduce a direct quote (a comma can also be used in this situation):

He announced to his friends: "I'm getting married!"
She cried out: "I never want to see you again!"

Semicolon ';'

There are two uses for a semicolon:

1. To separate two independent clauses. One or both of the clauses are short and the ideas expressed are usually very similar.
   He loves studying; he can't get enough of school.
   What an incredible situation; it must make you nervous.
2. To separate groups of words which are themselves separated by commas:
   I took a holiday and played golf, which I love; read a lot, which I needed to do; and slept late; which I hadn't done for quite a while.
   They plan to study German, for their travels; chemistry, for their work; and literature, for their own enjoyment.

Warning: Do not use a capital letter after a semicolon, unless it is followed by a proper noun.

Quotation Marks (double " or single ')

1. Quotation marks are used to identify the exact words of a speaker:
   President Bush said, "We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail."
2. For a speech within a speech, the other style is used as inner quotation marks:
   'Dave said, "Good afternoon, Frank"", recalled Frank.

Warning: Place the punctuation marks outside quotation marks, unless they are logical parts of the quotation.

His answer to this was "no"; but two years later, he changed his mind.
Did he say "yes" or "no"?

E. Rewrite the following passage using capital letters and appropriate punctuation marks:

rip van winkle stopped by a place where there had been a school and asked the crowd that had gathered where is schooner, the school master somebody said oh schooner he went to war in sixty three and never came back and van ammel asked rip van winkle he died eighteen years back said another voice in the crowd rip van winkle thought he was going mad had he slept all these years on the mountain finally rip van winkle asked does anyone here remember rip van winkle a very old woman said yes he was my lazy son he went up the mountains twenty one years back but never returned His dog came back without him rip van winkle was overjoyed he said mother it is me rip van winkle dont you recognize me oh my son it is really you where have you been all this while mother and son hugged each other. rip van winkle had indeed slept for twenty-one years.

A. Read the following passage:

Maria said to her mother, "I am unwell. I am feeling feverish. But I have done all my homework." Maria's mother said, "I have already prepared the breakfast. You will take rest after your breakfast." Maria said, "Mothers are always caring."

In the passage above, the exact words of the speakers are put within quotation marks. Such words make a direct speech. When a direct speech changes into an indirect speech, it undergoes some changes.

Now notice the changes:

Maria told her mother that she was unwell. She also said that she was feeling feverish. But she had done her homework. Maria's mother said that she had already prepared the breakfast. She then said that Maria would take rest after having her breakfast. Then Maria said that mothers are always caring.

This is an example of indirect speech.

In a direct speech we say exactly what was said by the speaker. But in an indirect speech someone reports in a different way what was said by the speaker.

Read the following examples to see how a direct speech changes into an indirect speech:

He said, "I teach in a school" (Direct speech)

He said that he taught in a school. (Indirect speech)

They said, "We are going to the cinema." (Direct speech)
They said that they were going to the cinema. (Indirect speech)

Note: If the reporting verb (here 'said') is past tense the tense, of the direct speech will change in the indirect speech.

See the changes in the following examples:
He said, "I want the book. ".
He said that he wanted the book.

The simple present changes into simple past.
She said, 'I am coming.
She said that she was coming.

The present continuous changes into the past continuous.

He said, "I have completed the task."
He said that he had completed task.

The present perfect changes into the past perfect.
But if the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tenses in the direct speech do not change.

He says, "I am leaving."
He says that he is leaving.

We use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker. In the indirect speech, we do not use inverted commas. In changing the above direct speeches into indirect, certain other changes have been made. Such as:
i) We have used "that" after the reporting verbs.

ii) Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to that day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.

Here is a table of some conversions of time.

B. Now rewrite the following in indirect speech:

1. Maria said to her mother, 'I have got 10 out of 10 in mathematics class test. I am very happy. My teacher became very happy. I'll do my homework regularly. Then I'll get good marks in every subject.' Mom said to Maria, 'Practice makes a man perfect'.
2. Give examples of the mentioned tenses and complete the table. One is done for you:

C. Change the following sentences into indirect speeches:
a. I say, "I want to sleep."
b. He says, "I like mangoes".
c. You said, "I will meet my teacher."
d. They said, "We are starting now."
e. Mother said to me, "I was waiting for you for a long time."
f. Maria says, "My father is an Engineer."
g. He said, "I have passed the math test."
h. She said to me, "You are my only friend."
i. He said, "I have got a bad headache.
h. Meena said, “I am very busy now.”

A. Read the following passage:

Mother said to Maria, "Are you hungry?" She also said, "Did you finish your tiffin at school?" Maria said, "Yes". Then mother asked again, "Do you want to take sandwich tomorrow?" Then Maria said to her mother, "What are you doing now?" She also asked "Why are you looking so tired?"

Now look at the changes of these questions into indirect speeches:

Mother asked Maria if she was hungry.
She also asked her whether she had finished her tiffin at school.
Mother asked again if Maria wanted to take sandwich the next day.
Maria asked her mother what she was doing then.
Maria asked her again why she was looking so tired.

Note: To report a Yes/No question, we use if or whether but in case of 'wh' questions the question word is retained in the indirect speech.
Notes:

i) If the direct speech is a question, the reporting verb in the indirect speech is changed into "asked".
ii) In an indirect speech the question turns into a statement and the verb goes after the subject like she was, she had, she wanted. So use no question mark.

B. Change the following sentence into indirect speech:

Robi said to Maria, "Why are you crying? What makes you so upset? Is there anything wrong with your classmates? Have you got punishment in school?" Maria said, "Why are you so anxious?"

C. Change the following sentences into indirect:

a. Maria said to her mother, "Do you always get up early?"
b. The teacher said to Maria, "Who were you waiting for?"
c. I said to you, "What do you want?"
d. The policeman said to him, "Are you in a hurry to cross the road?"
e. Jaya said to the watchman, "Did you find the key anywhere?"
f. Kamal said to the driver, "Can you take me to the lawyer now?"
g. You said to me, "Why are you wasting your time?"
h. She said to you, "When will you start from New York?"
i. I said to my brother, "Where were you this morning?"
j. He said to me, "Do you like music?"

A. In our daily life we find ourselves in various types of situations. In different situations, our expressions vary. In school, Maria's teachers command her to perform her work. Sometimes it is a direct command. Sometimes it is a request. In direct commands and requests, we use the 'base' form of the verb. When we change them into indirect forms, we use words like "tell" (for commands), ask, request or beg (for requests).

Look at the following sentences:

Maria's teacher said, “Maria, open the window.”

The teacher told Maria to open the window.

The teacher said, "Maria, bring a marker please." (Direct request)

The teacher requested Maria to bring a marker. (Indirect request)

There are other situations when we have to use some other words. Now we will see some more words for indirect expressions.

It was very cold and Maria's mother became worried for Maria and told her to wear warm clothes. Mother said to Maria, 'Do not go out without warm clothes.' Maria said to her mother, 'Let us go inside the car.' Then mother said, 'Let me bring the warm clothes first'. Mother brought the clothes and they started for their aunt's house as it was a fine holiday.

Look at the changes now:

Maria's mother forbade Maria to go outside without warm clothes. Maria proposed that they should go inside the car. Mother then proposed that she should bring the warm clothes first.

Sometimes we use 'advice' or 'urge'. If Maria's teacher says, "Obey your parents", then we change it in this way:
Maria's teacher advised her to obey her parents.
Again the teacher said to the class, "Keep quiet."
The teacher urged his students to keep quiet.

B. Read the speech and write a rule to change it:

The teacher said, "Be regular in the classes."

2. Use the correct form of the verbs in the box to fill each gap in the following sentences. Use each verb once:

C. Change the following sentences into indirect:
a. Father said to me, "Get on your feet!"
b. The teacher said to me, "Open your notebook."
c. Ruma said to her brother, "Stop making a noise."
d. The officer said to us, "Do not park here."
e. Meena said to her mother, “Please wait for me.”

A. The sentences which express hope, prayer or wish are called optative sentences.

If the direct speech begins with the word "would", we change the reporting verb into "wished".

Mother said to me, "Would that your father were here today!"
Mother wished that my father had been there that day.
The teacher said to the students, "Would that I were on leave today!"
The teacher wished that he had been on leave that day.
He said, "Would that I were rich!"
He wished that he had been rich.

B. To change optative sentences into indirect speech, we have to follow the following rules:

When the direct speech starts with the word 'may', the reporting verb 'say' is replaced by the word 'pray'.

When the direct speech starts with the word 'would', the reporting verb 'say' is replaced by the word 'wish'. 'May' is changed into 'might'.

Mother said, "May my son stand first in the class!"
She prayed that her son might stand first in the class.
He said to them, "May you prosper in life!"
He prayed for them that they might prosper in life.
They said. "May the police arrest the thieves!"
They prayed that the police might arrest the thieves.

Note: In the Indirect Speech, the optative sentences become assertive sentences.

More examples

C. Change the following passage into direct speech:

It was Maria's birthday. Everybody wished her happy birthday. Her parents wished many happy returns of the day. Grandma prayed that Maria might succeed in life. Maria also prayed that Allah might bless them all.

D. Change the following sentences in to indirect:

1. She said, "May you succeed in the examination!"
2. He said," May God bless you with success!"
3. The beggar said to him, "May you prosper in your business!"
4. The old lady said to her," May you live long!"
5. People said," Long live our Prime Minister!"
6. The Priest said to the lady," May God bless you with a lovely son!"
7. He said, "May you ever be happy."
8. She said, “May you ever smile”

A. Maria and her mother reached Maria's aunt's house.

Read the following text:

Maria's aunt said to them, 'Good afternoon. I hope Maria's father is coming soon.' Maria joined her cousins. They said, 'What a nice afternoon it is!" They started to play. They were in two groups. Maria's cousin, Robi, was the leader of a group. They played carom. Robi's group won the game. They said, 'Hurray! We have won the game.' Maria said, 'Alas! How foolish I have been.' Maria's aunt is a good lady. She came to them and said, 'Bravo! You all have done well.' After spending the whole evening Maria's family had their dinner with their aunt, uncle and cousins. Then it was the time of departure. Maria and her parents said, 'Good bye everybody.'

Now read the indirect speech and see how the changes are made:

Maria's aunt wished them good afternoon and also said that she hoped Maria's father was coming soon. When Maria joined her cousins they exclaimed that it was a very beautiful afternoon. Then they started playing carom. Maria's cousin, Robi was the leader of a group. Robi's group won the game and shouted with joy that they had won the game. Then Maria exclaimed with grief that she had been very foolish. Maria's aunt applauded all saying that they all had done well. At the time of departure Maria and her parents bade everybody good bye.

B. Look at the sentences and write a rule to say where the subject and verb come in an exclamation:

How naughty the boy is!
How sweetly she sings!
How beautiful the weather is!
How fast she runs!
What a wonderful invention it is!
What a lovely face she has!

C. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech :

a. The woman said, "What a beautiful child this is!
b. His aunt said, "What a pleasant surprise to see you here!"
c. Hamlet said, "How unlucky I am that I cannot find out any solution!"
d. The captain said, "Bravo! Well done, boys!"
e. The leader said, "Alas! We have lost the game."
f. Boys said," Hurrah! We have won the match!"
g. She said, "What a beautiful bird it is!"
h. Father said, "What a lazy fellow she is!"
i. The cobbler said, "How stupid I am!"
j. The girl said, "What a stupid fellow I am!"

A. Read the following passage:

Robi is reading a story book. The book is written by a famous writer of Bangladesh. Robi likes stories about the freedom fighters in the book. Our freedom fighters are honoured by the whole world. They sacrificed their life for our motherland.

There are two types of sentences in the above passage.

Notice the sentence:

Robi is reading a story book.

Subject verb object

It is in the active voice. The subject here is the doer of an action.

Notice the sentence:

The book is written by a famous writer of Bangladesh.

Subject — verb ------------ doer of the action

It is in the passive voice. The subject (the book) here is the 'receiver' of the action. It does not perform any action.

More examples:

Active: The ball hit Jessica.

Passive: Jessica was hit by the ball.

Active: Jahid wrote a letter.

Passive: The letter was written by Jahid.

Active: John took a picture.
Passive: A picture was taken by John.

Note: To change an active sentence into a passive one:
a) If we want to specify who is the 'doer' in a passive sentence, we use 'by' after the main verb in an assertive sentence and then mention the agent.
For example:
Active: Mira broke the glass.
Passive: The glass was broken by Mira. (by +agent)

Structure:
Active sentence: subject + verb+ object
Passive sentence: subject+be + past participle + by + agent
b) Sometimes agents are not mentioned in the passive voice. For example:
Active : People speak English all over the world.
Passive: English is spoken all over the world.

B. Look at the following changes. If there are pronouns as subject in the active voice, they change their forms in the passive voice.

Some sentences have a direct and an indirect object. Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in the passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, while the other one remains an object. Which object you will change into the subject depends on what you want to put the emphasis on.

We can change it in two ways:
Active : The teacher taught us English.
Passive : i) English is taught to us by the teacher.
ii) We are taught English by the teacher.

Active : Mother told me a story.

Passive : i) A story was told me by mother.
ii) I was told a story by mother.

More examples:

Note:
The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Therefore, sentences which do not have an object cannot be changed into the passive. The following sentences, for instance, CANNOT be changed into the passive because they do not have objects.
The old man sat on the floor.
The child sleeps.
The wind blows.
The dog barks.
Fire burns.
He laughed aloud.

C. Read the following passage and underline the active and passive verbs:

The Sonargaon folk museum was built in the area named Narayangonj. It has been artistically decorated for the visitors. It stores many archaeological things including Bronze statues and caskets, terracotta plaques, utensils, coins, jewelries, pottery etc. They have a great historical value. The government has taken many steps to enhance the facilities for the visitors.

D. Use the following verbs in active and passive forms:

touch, invite, decorate, touch, break, request

E. Change the sentences into the passive voice. Mention the tense of the verb.

Our new teacher teaches us English. Now he is teaching us a new lesson. We have completed the lesson on paragraphs. We are practicing the new lesson. Our teacher taught us the skills of learning language. Last week we were practicing pronunciation. We had learnt the uses of articles before we learnt the rules. We will write a paragraph tomorrow.

A. An interrogative sentence in the active voice will remain interrogative in the passive voice. We form passive questions by putting the auxiliary verb before the subject (according to the tense). Then we place the subject and the past participle form of the main verb.

The following example shows how the voice of interrogative sentences is changed:
Does your brother draw a picture?
Is a picture drawn by your brother?
If the question in the Active Voice begins with an auxiliary verb, the Passive voice must also begin with a suitable auxiliary verb. If the question begins with a 'wh' question word (what, when, how...), the Passive Voice must begin with the same.
Look at the following changes:

Active Voice Passive Voice

Where can you keep the box? Where can the box be kept by you?

Passive Structure: (question word) auxiliary verb+ object of the active verb + past participle form of the main verb + by + subject of the active verb

Change the following sentences into the passive form :

1. Do you write a letter?
2. Did you receive my letter?
3. Which newspaper do you read?
4. Does she do her duty?
5. Will she make candles?

Now we will change assertive sentences, negative sentences and interrogative sentences into their passive forms in different tenses :

Note: Passive voice is not usually used in the following tenses :

1. Present perfect continuous tense
2. Past perfect continuous tense
3. Future continuous tense
4. Future perfect continuous tense

B. Fill in the blanks according to the mentioned tenses. Use the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets:

1. The criminal ______ (send) to prison. (Future simple tense)
2. My brother ______ (just win) the game. (Present perfect)
3. I ______ (tell) you to wait outside. (Past simple Tense)
4. Ruma ______ (not pay) for the work. (Past simple tense)
5. Policemen ______ (often ask) the way. (Present simple tense)
6. The room _____ (clean) once a day. (Present simple tense)
7. The letter _______(write) tomorrow. (Future simple tense)
8. The towels _____ (not use). (Past simple tense)
9. He _______ (not sell) the books. (Present perfect)
10. They ______ (teach) English. (Present simple tense)

C. Read the following sentences and say whether they are in the active or in the passive voice. Write down the tense of each sentence:

a. The thief was caught.
b. The boy drew a picture.
c. The bird was killed by a cruel man.
d. I read my English grammar book.
e. The field is ploughed.
d. The book is lost.
e. People will soon forget it.
f. The window is broken.
g. I was ordered to bring the book.
h. Who taught you math?

A. An imperative sentence expresses an order, a request, a piece of advice or a suggestion.

The imperative sentence in the passive voice has the following structure:

Let + object + be + past participle

When the active voice begins with do not, the passive voice has the following structure:

Let not + object + be + past participle

In some sentences it is possible to put not after the object or be.

Examples are given below:

Active: Bring it home.
Passive: Let it be brought home.

Active: Do it at once.
Passive: Let it be done at once.

Active: Do not beat the dog.
Passive: Let the dog not be beaten.

Active: Let me do it.
Passive: Let it be done by me.

B. Now write a passive sentence for each of the following active sentences:

A. The passive voice is usually used:

1. When we are interested only in what happens rather than who does it.
   Example: A giant snake was killed in that village.
2. When we do not know the doer of the action or when we do not want to say who it is.
   Example: The school was established in 1926.
3. In scientific and technical writing
   Example: The gases which cause greenhouse effect are known as greenhouse gases.
4. In historical and geographical texts
   Example: Our liberation war was fought in 1971.
5. With modals to express an instruction or rule
   Example: Mobile phones should be switched off.

6. To describe a process, an event, an incident, an advertisement, an announcement and a notice

   Examples:

   a) process of making a sandwich: The butter should be soft. Crusts may be removed or left on according to taste.
   b) event: Our annual sports will be held on 2 November.
   c) incident: The annual cultural program of the school will be held on 20 May.
   d) advertisement: Your comfort is ensured in your journey with us.
   e) announcement: Prizes will be given by the honourable minister.
   f) notice: The exam will be held on 2 5 June.

7. For requests and invitations
   Examples: a) I have been requested to the party. b) You are requested to serve the food for the guests.
8. To give warning, suggestion, order and advice
   Example: Students without school-dress are not allowed in the school premises.
9. For habitual action
   Example: Vegetables are grown much in Bangladesh.
10. To avoid responsibility by people or organizations
    Example: The report was lost by somebody.
    All workers are encouraged to work overtime.
    Customers are advised to leave all their belongings here.

B. Look at the picture and fill in the gaps in the following sentences in passive form with the given verbs in the bracket.

a. The walls are not ______ (paint).
b. A table is _____ in the middle (place).
C. The chairs ______ properly (arrange).
d. A lampshade _____ from the roof (hang).
e. A large refrigerator _____ with the wall (attach).

C. Make the following sentences active:

1. The room is being painted.
2. Fruit juice will be served at the party.
3. I have been warned by my dad.
4. This shirt must not be ironed.
5. This poem was written by Nazrul.
6. This song has been sung by Lata.
7. Who were you given my phone number by?
8. Was my book seen by anybody?
9. She was being laughed at.
10. The exam will be passed by Rimi.

D. Choose the right option:

1. The gallery was _______ in 1953.
   a) suggested
   b) told
   c) built
   d) permitted

2. The company was _____ in 1980.
   a) increased
   b) founded
   c) left
   d) written

3. I was ______ to make a presentation at the Conference.
   a) suggested
   b) increased
   c) permitted
   d) invited

4. The job was _____ to Jhumpa but she turned it down.
   a) offered
   b) permitted
   c) left
   d) written

5. I was _____ that I wouldn't need to bring my own slide projector.
   a) told
   b) increased
   c) permitted
   d) written